The deal is organised as a 2+3 or 1+4 arrangement, according to landowners’ (villagers’) preferences. A 2+3 arrangement is the Laotian term for contract farming, where 2 parts are provided by the farmer (land and labor) and 3 parts are provided by the company (capital, technical knowledge and market). A 1+4 arrangement corresponds to a simple land lease, which is the same as the 2+3 arrangement but labor is organized by the company as well.

The deal is organised as a 2+3 or 1+4 arrangement, according to landowners’ (villagers’) preferences. A 2+3 arrangement is the Laotian term for contract farming, where 2 parts are provided by the farmer (land and labor) and 3 parts are provided by the company (capital, technical knowledge and market). A 1+4 arrangement corresponds to a simple land lease, which is the same as the 2+3 arrangement but labor is organized by the company as well.